Technical SEO is the discipline of making a website reliably discoverable, renderable and interpretable by automated clients (Googlebot, Bingbot and the LLM crawlers that now feed generative answers). It covers crawl control and crawl budget, rendering strategy for JavaScript applications, indexing and canonicalization, internal link structure, site architecture, Core Web Vitals, and the Schema.org markup that states what a page is about. On-page work (titles, headings, semantic HTML, and internal anchors) sit inside the same discipline, because at scale it is produced by templates rather than written by hand.
It is continuous work rather than a deliverable. Crawl rules drift as facets are added, rendering behaviour changes with every framework upgrade, and a component refactor can silently drop canonical tags across a template. The practice is therefore closer to reliability engineering than to marketing: define the correct behaviour, instrument it, catch regressions before release, and decide what is worth fixing given finite engineering time.